Table of Content

25 October 2026, Volume 18 Issue 5 Previous Issue   

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Expert consensus on the diagnosis, treatment and efficacy evaluation of pediatric acute rhinosinusitis in integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine Siyuan HU, Qinglong GU, Xuefeng WANG, Fengying QIAO, Rong MA, Daxin LIU, Qiuhan CAI, Yan CHEN 2026, 18 (5):  369-375.  doi: 10.20274/j.cnki.issn.1674-3865.2026.05.001 Abstract ( 5 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (642KB) ( 3 )   Save The consensus has been developed to clarify the integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine approach to the diagnosis，treatment，and clinical evaluation of pediatric acute rhinosinusitis. The development methods of the consensus included the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method，which comprised two rounds of expert questionnaire surveys and one face-to-face expert panel discussion. The main content covers scope，terms and definitions，overview，Western medicine diagnosis，traditional Chinese medicine syndrome differentiation，integrated Chinese and Western treatment，and assessments of therapeutic efficacy and safety. The consensus is intended to provide a practical reference for standardized clinical diagnosis and treatment of pediatric acute rhinosinusitis，offer methodological support for high-quality clinical research，and promote the translation and development of novel Chinese herbal medicines for children. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Experience in the application of pediatric Tuina to the treatment of functional constipation in children from the perspective of spleen deficiency based on the "brain-gut axis" Jiaxuan WANG, Jinghua DU 2026, 18 (5):  376-380.  doi: 10.20274/j.cnki.issn.1674-3865.2026.05.002 Abstract ( 2 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (620KB) ( 0 )   Save Based on the core pathogenesis of "spleen deficiency as the root， stagnant heat as the manifestation"， and in combination with the "brain-gut axis" theory， the paper explores the traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) syndrome-differentiated approach to pediatric functional constipation(FC) and the clinical application value of pediatric Tuina. The disease location of pediatric FC is in the large intestine and is closely related to the functions of the spleen， liver， lung， kidney， and "brain spirit". The core pathogenesis involves spleen deficiency with impaired transportation and stagnation of Qi flow， which， over time， may be accompanied by the accumulation of food and internal heat， forming a syndrome characterized by deficiency in root and excess in manifestation. Pediatric Tuina follows the principle of activating spleen and unblocking Fu-organs， regulating the mind and relieving stagnation， employing core manipulations such as tonifying spleen-meridian， clearing large intestine， rubbing abdomen， massaging Tianshu， pushing downward on Qijiegu(the seven-bone line)， and pinching spine, which exerts a comprehensive therapeutic effect through four aspects: physical stimulation， neural regulation， neuro-endocrine regulation， and psychological regulation. The method can reduce long-term recurrence rates and regulate the emotional state of affected children. Based on the holistic concept and the syndrome-differentiated approach of "synchronous brain-gut regulation"， pediatric Tuina has the advantages of safety， effectiveness， and good compliance， making it an important means in the comprehensive treatment system for pediatric functional constipation， which is worthy of clinical promotion and application. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Treating pediatric functional constipation of Qi-Yin deficiency syndrome based on the theory of "tonifying to relieve obstruction" Yilin CHEN, Yating ZHANG, Hui LI 2026, 18 (5):  381-385.  doi: 10.20274/j.cnki.issn.1674-3865.2026.05.003 Abstract ( 2 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (650KB) ( 0 )   Save Pediatric functional constipation(FC) is a common disease in children. Although modern treatments can relieve symptoms in the short term, relapse often occurs after drug withdrawal, and long-term use of laxatives will impair intestinal function. In previous traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) practice, FC was mostly managed from the perspective of "intestinal Qi obstruction", with emphasis on attacking the lower to unblock, while insufficient attention was paid to the pediatric physiological characteristics of "tender Yin and tender Yang and being susceptible to Qi and Yin damage" and the pathogenesis of "constipation due to deficiency". Based on the theory of "treating obstruction with tonification" and taking the physiological and pathological characteristics of children into account, Chief Physician Li Hui proposes the method of "tonifying to relieve obstruction" for the treatment of pediatric FC of Qi-Yin deficiency syndrome. She holds that the core pathogenesis follows the evolution of "excess leading to deficiency--injury of Qi and Yin--deficiency leading to excess", and emphasizes that "replenishing Qi and Yin" is not only the fundamental treatment but also the key to restoring intestinal function of conduction. The therapeutic principles established in clinical practice are "replenishing Qi and nourishing Yin to consolidate the root, combining tonification with unblocking to regulate the manifestation, and seeking Yin within Yang to stabilize the pivot"; hence, the empirical formula "Shendi Erbian Shu" has been developed. The paper systematically expounds her academic thoughts from the aspects of pathogenesis evolution, theoretical connotation, prescription compatibility and typical cases, aiming to provide new clinical ideas for the TCM treatment of pediatric FC of Qi-Yin deficiency syndrome. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Experience in treating pediatric constipation of food accumulation and lung-heat syndrome based on the theory of "Sanjiao Qi transformation" Hongjie HAO, Xiaozheng DUAN, Aoning LIU 2026, 18 (5):  386-390.  doi: 10.20274/j.cnki.issn.1674-3865.2026.05.004 Abstract ( 1 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (608KB) ( 0 )   Save Constipation is a common clinical spleen-stomach disorder in pediatrics. With changes in dietary structure and living habits, the incidence of pediatric constipation of food accumulation and lung-heat syndrome has increased year by year. Although the disease is located in the large intestine, it is closely correlated with abnormal Qi transformation of the Sanjiao(upper Jiao, middle Jiao and lower Jiao). The paper summarizes Professor Duan Xiaozheng's academic thoughts based on the theory of "Sanjiao Qi transformation", and taking into account children's physiological characteristics of "delicate Zang-fu organs and immature Qi-blood constitution", and systematically expounds the intrinsic relationship between pediatric constipation and Sanjiao dysfunction. Prof. Duan holds that the physiological functions of the Sanjiao include Qi movement, fluid metabolism, food digestion and transportation, and defense against external pathogens, generally with "Qi transformation" as the core and "unblocking" as the principle. On the basis, Prof. Duan proposes that the treatment should fully reflect the holistic concept of traditional Chinese medicine, and adopts the method of "invigorating the spleen to resolve middle Jiao, clearing lung to disseminate upper Jiao, and nourishing Yin to moisten lower Jiao", that is, to regulate Sanjiao comprehensively and manage Qi, blood and body fluids simultaneously, so as to restore the conducting function of the large intestine. Taking "Dangzhi Tongmi decoction" created by National Traditional Chinese Medicine Master Wang Lie as the basic prescription, Professor Duan modifies it and develops "Sanjiao Xiaorun decoction", forming a unique medication compatibility system: to permeate and unblock Sanjiao by monarch drug, to manage each of Sanjiao by minister drug, and to connect the upper and the lower by assistant and envoy drugs, combining attacking with tonifying without bias, which reflects the principle of careful medication based on the constitution characteristics of "immature Yin and immature Yang" in children. The article elaborates on the theoretical insights and medication rules and features of Professor Duan, with typical medical cases attached for verification. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on early diagnosis and treatment of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children Hui LIU, Xiaojuan XU, Mingming GENG 2026, 18 (5):  391-398.  doi: 10.20274/j.cnki.issn.1674-3865.2026.05.005 Abstract ( 0 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (624KB) ( 0 )   Save Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia(MPP) is a common type of community-acquired pneumonia in children. Its incidence is rising with an obvious severe tendency, and macrolide resistance has become a prominent clinical problem. Early precision diagnosis and standardized treatment are the key to improving prognosis. There are several difficulties in early diagnosis of pediatric MPP, including non-specific early symptoms, time window of serological detection, inability of molecular detection to distinguish infection from colonization, and non-specific imaging manifestations. Focusing on the main line of early diagnosis, the paper clearly distinguishes between Mycoplasma pneumoniae(MP) infection and MPP, and pathogen detection and clinical diagnosis, systematically reviews the value and limitations of early clinical identification, laboratory detection, imaging technology and artificial intelligence-assisted diagnosis, and constructs an integrated diagnosis framework of "clinical screening-rapid pathogen detection-imaging support".Taking the current situation of drug resistance into account, the paper expounds the hierarchical treatment of Western medicine and immunomodulatory therapy, integrating the syndrome differentiation of traditional Chinese medicine for "pneumonia with dyspneic cough" and highlighting the synergistic effect of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine. It provides a reference for early precision diagnosis and treatment of pediatric MPP and reducing the risk of severe illness and sequelae. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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First-round Delphi expert consultation on traditional Chinese medicine syndromes of functional dyspepsia in children Xinrui ZHANG, Mingxin E, Xuefeng WANG, Xiuying ZHANG, Jingwen MU 2026, 18 (5):  399-407.  doi: 10.20274/j.cnki.issn.1674-3865.2026.05.006 Abstract ( 1 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (714KB) ( 0 )   Save Objective To investigate the diagnostic experience of experts in the traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) syndromes of functional dyspepsia in children by using the Delphi method, screen the diagnostic indicators of TCM syndromes, and evaluate their importance, so as to provide candidate TCM syndrome types and items for the subsequent establishment of diagnostic criteria for functional dyspepsia in children. Methods Based on literature research, the first round of questionnaire survey was conducted from August to September 2025 among selected experts using the Delphi method by the Development Group of Diagnostic Criteria for TCM Syndromes of Functional Dyspepsia in Children. The results of the questionnaire were entered, organized, and statistically analyzed using Excel and SPSS Statistics 27.0 software, and the expert positive coefficient, expert authority coefficient, and coordination degree and concentration of expert opinions were calculated. Results A total of 28 domestic experts were selected for the questionnaire survey, with a questionnaire recovery rate of 100%.The expert authority coefficient was 0.845,and the expert Kendall's W was 0.194(P<0.001).A total of 8 TCM syndrome types were established in the first round of expert questionnaire survey, including spleen-stomach Qi-deficiency syndrome, spleen-deficiency and Qi-stagnation syndrome, spleen-stomach deficiency-cold syndrome, spleen-deficiency with food stagnation syndrome, liver-stomach disharmony syndrome, spleen-stomach damp-heat syndrome, mixed cold-heat syndrome, milk and food stagnation syndrome. The characteristics of these TCM syndrome types were analyzed. Conclusion The study initially explores the distribution pattern and characteristics of TCM syndromes in pediatric functional dyspepsia, laying a foundation for subsequent research on the diagnostic criteria and clinical studies of TCM syndromes in pediatric functional dyspepsia. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Perioperative factors associated with NICU admission after noncardiac surgery in neonates Xiaoxiao YANG, Siwei WEI, Lei WU, Zhen DU 2026, 18 (5):  408-412.  doi: 10.20274/j.cnki.issn.1674-3865.2026.05.007 Abstract ( 2 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (476KB) ( 0 )   Save Objective To identify factors associated with postoperative neonatal intensive care unit(NICU) admission in neonates without preoperative advanced life support. Methods We retrospectively included 450 neonates who underwent noncardiac surgery under general anesthesia with tracheal intubation at Hunan Children's Hospital from April 2024 to March 2026 and divided them into two groups based on where they were sent after surgery. Perioperative data were compared between the NICU group(n=41) and the non-NICU group (n=409). Multivariable binary Logistic regression analysis was performed. Results NICU admission occurred in 9.1%(41/450). Multivariable binary Logistic regression analysis showed that adjusted gestational age at surgery was negatively associated with NICU admission(OR=0.697 per week increased),whereas American Society of Anesthesiologists(ASA) physical status, intraoperative hypoxemia, and anesthesia duration were positively associated with NICU admission(OR=3.700 per grade increased for ASA grading, OR=2.946 per 10 min increased in intraoperative hypoxemia, and OR=1.164 per 10 min increased in anesthesia duration, respectively; all P<0.05). Conclusion Postoperative NICU admission is associated with preoperative maturity, overall disease condition, intraoperative oxygenation, and anesthesia duration. After surgery, the monitoring grade and transfer pathway may be reassessed based on the data before and during surgery. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of rehabilitation efficacy of sling exercise training combined with press needle therapy in spastic diplegic cerebral palsy Bo LI, Jiaoyan LIAO, Zijing LIAO, Tingting ZHU, Feng ZHANG 2026, 18 (5):  413-418.  doi: 10.20274/j.cnki.issn.1674-3865.2026.05.008 Abstract ( 0 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (644KB) ( 0 )   Save Objective To explore the rehabilitation efficacy of press needle therapy combined with sling exercise training(SET) on gross motor function in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy(CP). Methods A total of 22 CP children with spastic diplegia who were treated in Neurorehabilitation Department of Ganzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital from January 2021 to January 2022 were selected as research subjects. According to the random number table method, they were divided into a treatment group(n=11) and a control group(n=11).The control group received conventional SET, while the treatment group received press needle therapy [selecting acupoints including "Huantiao(GB30)", "Zusanli(ST36)", "Yanglingquan(GB34)", "Chengshan(BL57)", "Sanyinjiao(SP6)", and "Shenshu(BL23)"] in addition to SET. After 3 months of intervention, gross motor function was assessed using the gross motor function measure-88(GMFM-88),including Dimension D(standing),Dimension E(walking, running, and jumping),and the total score; muscle tone of the hamstrings and gastrocnemius-soleus was evaluated using the modified Ashworth scale(MAS). Results Before treatment, there were no statistically significant differences in the scores of GMFM-88 Dimension D, Dimension E, total scores, or MAS scores between the two groups(P>0.05).After 3 months of intervention, there was no statistically significant difference in Dimension D scores between the two groups(P>0.05);however, the Dimension E scores and total scores in the treatment group were significantly higher than those in the control group(P<0.05).Regarding muscle tone, in both groups, the post-treatment MAS scores of the hamstrings and triceps surae were lower than the pre-treatment scores, with statistically significant differences(P<0.05). After treatment, no statistically significant difference was found in the MAS scores of the hamstrings and triceps surae between the two groups(P>0.05). Conclusion Press needle therapy combined with SET can effectively improve the dynamic motor function and overall gross motor ability of children with spastic diplegic CP and significantly reduce the muscle tone of hamstrings. Its synergistic effect of "internally unblocking meridians and externally regulating tendons and bones" is superior to SET alone, which provides initial evidence for subsequent large-sample randomized controlled studies. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical observation of the "Qingxuan Tongluo" method in the treatment of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children Yaowei HAN, Huizhe WANG, Huanmin LI, Liting MA, Dan SUN, Hongxiang CHEN, Shuo YANG, Kunya FU, Mingze LIU, Xinmin LI 2026, 18 (5):  419-424.  doi: 10.20274/j.cnki.issn.1674-3865.2026.05.009 Abstract ( 2 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (617KB) ( 0 )   Save Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of the "Qingxuan Tongluo" method(clearing, diffusing, and unblocking collaterals) in the treatment of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children. Methods A total of 120 pediatric inpatients with macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia, admitted to the First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from November 2024, were enrolled and randomly divided into an observation group and a control group, with 60 cases in each group. Macrolide antibiotics were used as the anti-infective therapy in both groups. All included cases were diagnosed with the pattern of wind?heat obstructing the lung. The control group received treatment based on the principle of "ventilating the lung, opening the blockage, relieving cough, and calming wheezing", using a modified Yinqiao powder combined with Maxing Shigan decoction. If the pattern shifted to phlegm?heat obstructing the lung, Wuhu decoction and Tingli Dazao Xiefei decoction were administered instead. The observation group was treated with the modified Qingxuan Tongluo formula, under the guidance of the "Qingxuan Tongluo" method. The treatment course lasted 14 days in both groups. Comparisons were made between the two groups regarding therapeutic efficacy, clinical recovery time, time to complete defervescence, time to relief of cough and sputum, traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) syndrome scores, disappearance rates of individual symptoms and signs, and safety evaluation. Results Three cases dropped out from the observation group and four from the control group. The cure and marked response rate was 75.4%(43/57) in the observation group, which was significantly higher than that in the control group[57.1%(32/56),P<0.05]. The clinical recovery time, time to complete defervescence, and time to relief of cough and sputum in the observation group were all significantly shorter than those in the control group(P<0.05). The clinical recovery rate based on TCM syndrome scores was 47.3%(27/57) in the observation group, significantly higher than that in the control group[28.6%(16/56),P<0.05]. At the time of clinical recovery, fever resolved in 100% of patients in both groups; the disappearance rates of cough, laryngeal wheezing, and sticky, difficult?to?expectorate sputum were significantly higher in the observation group than in the control group(P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups(P>0.05). Conclusion The "Qingxuan Tongluo" method for the treatment of macrolide?resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children can significantly shorten the time to defervescence, the time of cough relief, and clinical recovery time, and increase the cure and marked response rate, which demonstrates favorable clinical safety. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of medication rules and clinical experience of Professor Wang Lining in treating pediatric recurrent respiratory tract infections during the acute infection phase Huafang LIANG, Na GAN, Lining WANG, Jianshu WEI, Yi LIANG 2026, 18 (5):  425-429.  doi: 10.20274/j.cnki.issn.1674-3865.2026.05.010 Abstract ( 3 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (678KB) ( 0 )   Save Objective To analyze the prescriptions of Professor Wang Lining，a nationally renowned veteran Chinese medicine practitioner，in treating pediatric recurrent respiratory tract infections(RRTIs) during the acute infection phase using data mining techniques，and to summarize the medication rules and elucidate the academic thoughts. Methods Prescriptions for pediatric RRTIs in the acute infection phase were collected from patients treated by Professor Wang at the Famous Physicians Hall of Guangxi International Zhuang Medicine Hospital from October 2024 to September 2025.Frequency analysis，association rule analysis，and cluster analysis were performed. Results A total of 192 prescriptions were included. Frequency analysis identified 21 high-frequency drugs. The predominant properties were cold and warm；the predominant flavors were pungent，sweet，and bitter；the main meridian tropisms were the lung，stomach，liver，and spleen meridians. Association rule analysis yielded 18 pairs of core Chinese medicine combinations，and cluster analysis identified 2 kinds of drug combinations. Conclusion In treating pediatric RRTIs during the acute infection phase，Professor Wang's approach is grounded in the physiological characteristics of children. She is good at using synergistic drug pairs and emphasizes the protection of the spleen and stomach. Her academic thoughts hold significant guiding value for the prevention and treatment of pediatric RRTIs with traditional Chinese medicine. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Medication characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection-related recurrent abdominal pain in children: a data mining analysis Jiahui LIU, Hanjing WANG, Yuting ZHANG, Xue LAN, Weiwei LIU 2026, 18 (5):  430-435.  doi: 10.20274/j.cnki.issn.1674-3865.2026.05.011 Abstract ( 0 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (915KB) ( 0 )   Save Objective To analyze the prescription patterns of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection-related recurrent abdominal pain in children based on data mining. Methods Clinical traditional Chinese medicine prescription data were collected from children with Helicobacter pylori infection-related recurrent abdominal pain who attended the pediatric outpatient department of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from January 2024 to September 2025, and a prescription database was subsequently established. The properties, flavors, meridian tropisms, and use frequencies of the drugs were statistically analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Association rule analysis and cluster analysis were performed with R language to identify core drug combinations. Results A total of 86 children were included, yielding 104 effective prescriptions involving 98 Chinese herbal medicines. The medicinal properties were predominantly warm, cold, and neutral; the flavors were mainly sweet, bitter, and pungent; the meridian tropisms were concentrated in the stomach, spleen, lung, and liver meridians. The top 10 high-frequency drugs were Chaihu(Bupleuri Radix, 90 times), Yanhusuo(Corydalis Rhizoma, 72 times), Shenqu(Massa Medicata Fermentata, 71 times), Chenpi(Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium, 61 times), Baishao(Paeoniae Radix Alba, 52 times), Laifuzi(Raphani Semen, 52 times), Shanyao(Dioscoreae Rhizoma, 52 times), Sharen(Amomi Fructus, 51 times), Huangqin(Scutellariae Radix, 50 times), and Baizhu(Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma, 50 times). Association rule analysis revealed that the top 5 combinations were as follows: {Yanhusuo, Zheshi(Haematitum)}?{Xuanfuhua(Inulae Flos)}, {Yanhusuo, Shenqu, Baizhu} ? {Fuling(Poria)}, {Chaihu, Yanhusuo, Shenqu, Baizhu}?{Fuling}, {Chaihu, Shenqu, Zheshi} ? {Xuanfuhua}, and {Shenqu, Chenpi, Baizhu}?{Fuling}. Cluster analysis categorized the high-frequency drugs into 5 classes: C1 included Sharen, Laifuzi, Jineijin(Galli Gigerii Endothelium Corneum), Shanzha(Crataegi Fructus), and Houpo(Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex); C2 included Chenpi, Chaihu, Yanhusuo, and Shenqu; C3 included Muxiang(Aucklandiae Radix), Baizhu, Fuling, Baishao, Ezhu(Curcumae Rhizoma), and Shanyao; C4 consisted of Zheshi, Xuanfuhua, and Zhiqiao(Aurantii Fructus); C5(herbal pair) comprised Huangqin and Huanglian(Coptidis Rhizoma). Based on the high-frequency drugs, association rules, and clustering results, "Chaihu-Yanhusuo-Shenqu-Baizhu-Fuling" was identified as the core prescription. Conclusion The treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection-related recurrent abdominal pain in children follows the principles of supporting healthy Qi and eliminating pathogenic factors, and invigorating the spleen and protecting the stomach. "Chaihu–Yanhusuo–Shenqu–Baizhu–Fuling" can be recommended as the core prescription. Figures and Tables | References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Stage-based syndrome-differentiated treatment for pediatric asthma based on the theory of "latent phlegm-blood stasis" Chen WANG, Lizhong DING 2026, 18 (5):  436-439.  doi: 10.20274/j.cnki.issn.1674-3865.2026.05.012 Abstract ( 2 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (532KB) ( 0 )   Save The paper summarizes Professor Ding Lizhong's academic experience in treating pediatric asthma based on the theory of "latent phlegm-blood stasis". The core pathogenesis of pediatric asthma is "latent phlegm" which arises from dysfunction of the lung, spleen, and kidney viscera, leading to disordered fluid metabolism; the latent phlegm is retained in the lung orifices and manifests as wheezing when triggered by exogenous pathogenic factors. As the disease progresses, phlegm and Qi become intermingled, and the lung fails to disperse and descend and is unable to assist blood circulation, resulting in sluggish blood circulation and leading to blood stasis; the blood stasis obstructs the movement of Qi and impedes the distribution of body fluids, so the phlegm-turbidity accumulates progressively, resulting in a pathological pattern of intertwined phlegm and stasis. In clinical practice, Professor Ding Lizhong advocates stage-based treatment: during the attack phase, pathogenic excess factors predominate, and the treatment is to arrest asthma, relieve panting, activate blood circulation and dredge collaterals, so Longxie Chuxiao decoction is given; during the protracted phase, the deficient healthy-Qi with lingering pathogenic factors and unresolved phlegm-stasis lead to impaired lung-spleen Qi, and the management approach is to calm asthma, resolve phlegm, nourish blood, and activate blood circulation, so Pingxiao Huatan decoction is used;during the remission phase, pathogenic factors are eliminated yet healthy-Qi is deficient, latent phlegm remains inside and residual blood-stasis awaits clearance, and the treatment is to consolidate the root to prevent asthma recurrence and reinforce primordial Qi to resolve blood stasis, so Guben Fangxiao decoction is administered. Professor Ding Lizhong's syndrome-differentiated treatment system of "latent phlegm-blood stasis and stage-based treatment" is characterized by close interlinkage of principles, therapeutic methods, formulas and medicines, which has great significance in guiding standardized diagnosis and treatment of asthma in children. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Exploring the impact of oral and nasal breathing patterns on pediatric obstructive sleep apnea based on the theory of pectoral Qi Dake XUAN, Yuanxian LIU, Baoshan QIU 2026, 18 (5):  440-444.  doi: 10.20274/j.cnki.issn.1674-3865.2026.05.013 Abstract ( 1 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (640KB) ( 0 )   Save Pectoral Qi(Zongqi)， as the core of acquired Qi in the human body，is formed by the combination of clean Qi inhaled by the lungs and the essential Qi of water and grain transformed and transported by the spleen and stomach. Its functions of "governing respiration through the respiratory tract and promoting blood circulation by penetrating the heart vessels" are closely related to breathing patterns. Based on the traditional Chinese medicine theory of pectoral Qi and integrated with modern medical research findings， the paper systematically elucidates the differential mechanisms by which nasal and oral breathing affects the generation and function of pectoral Qi. Nasal breathing ensures the purity and suitability of "clean Qi", laying the physiological foundation for the transformation， generation， and distribution of pectoral Qi. In contrast， oral breathing tends to allow turbid and cold Qi to directly invade the lung， consuming the Qi of the lung and spleen， and stagnating the Qi movement in the throat， which ultimately leads to disharmony of pectoral Qi, becoming a key pathogenic link in the occurrence and progression of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea(OSA). Based on it， a comprehensive prevention and treatment system of pediatric OSA embodying the trinity of "nose-Qi-spirit" is established， with restoring nasal breathing as the primary treatment principle and combined with methods to tonify the lung and spleen and free Qi movement. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Exploration in the pathogenic evolution and syndrome treatment strategies of allergic diseases in children by Professor Wang Xuefeng based on the theory of "host-guest interaction" Hongxu QU, Bin XIE 2026, 18 (5):  445-450.  doi: 10.20274/j.cnki.issn.1674-3865.2026.05.014 Abstract ( 1 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (649KB) ( 0 )   Save Pediatric allergic diseases(such as atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis) are characterized by chronic recurrence and multi-system involvement. The pathological nature of "deficiency of healthy Qi-cementation of pathogenic Qi" is highly consistent with the theory of "host-guest interaction" in traditional Chinese medicine. The theory of "host-guest interaction" comes from Wu Youxing's Wen-Yi Lun (Treatise on Pestilence). It was originally used to explain the chronic diseases of pathogenic factors remaining in blood vessels in the late stage of Wen Yi(epidemic diseases), and then gradually expanded and applied to chronic refractory diseases. Children's Zang-fu organs are delicate, prone to both deficiency and excess, so it is especially suitable for treatment according to the theory of "host-guest interaction". In the paper, the core connotation is "the host is healthy Qi, the guest is pathogenic Qi, and the intersection is cementation", and considering the physiological characteristics of "the lung often being insufficient, the spleen often being insufficient, and kidney often being deficient", the "host-guest interaction" pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, and allergic conjunctivitis is systematically explained: children's innate intolerance and deficiency of the lung, spleen and kidney are the root of "host deficiency"; the invasion of the external pathogenic factors such as wind, cold, dampness and heat and the endogenous pathological products such as phlegm and stasis are the cause of "guest pathogen". The cementation of pathogenic Qi and healthy Qi in the collaterals of skin, nasal orifices and eye orifices forms a pathological state of "deficient healthy-Qi giving rise to lingering pathogens and cementation being difficult to relieve", which is manifested as the dynamic evolution of "primary host-guest interaction" in the acute stage and "deep host-guest interaction" in the chronic stage. Based on this, the treatment principle is proposed, which is "reinforcing the healthy Qi to eliminate pathogenic factors, dredging collaterals to search for pathogenic factors, and separating host from guest". In the acute stage, the main goal is to eliminate pathogenic factors with the healthy-Qi reinforced. In the chronic stage, the basic principle is to reinforce the healthy-Qi while searching collaterals to eliminate pathogenic factors. The treatment plan and pediatric medication strategy are formulated to provide theoretical support and new perspectives for the individualized diagnosis and treatment of allergic diseases in children. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the application of insect medicines in pediatric tic disorder based on "collateral disease theory" Xin ZHOU, Zhenqi WU 2026, 18 (5):  451-455.  doi: 10.20274/j.cnki.issn.1674-3865.2026.05.015 Abstract ( 3 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (582KB) ( 0 )   Save Tic disorder(TD) is a chronic neuropsychiatric disorder with high incidence in childhood. It is clinically characterized by involuntary, repetitive and rapid muscular tics or vocal tics. The disease has a prolonged course and is difficult to cure, and is often induced and aggravated by mood and exogenous factors, which has significant negative impact on the growth and development, mental health and social adaptability of children. Currently, its modern pathogenesis has not been fully clarified, and clinical medical treatment is associated with obvious side effects, limited long-term effect and a high recurrence rate after drug withdrawal. It is urgent to find new safe and effective diagnosis and treatment approaches of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) in clinical practice. As an important part of the theoretical system of TCM, collateral disease theory emphasizes that "chronic diseases involve the collaterals", providing a unique theoretical guidance and clinical approach for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic, complex and refractory diseases. Insect medicines possess the properties of penetrating and unblocking collaterals, searching for wind and eliminating pathogenic factors, and resolving blood stasis and dissipating masses, which conform to the core therapeutic principle of "unblocking" in collateral disease treatment. From the perspective of collateral disease theory, the paper discusses the essential pathogenesis of pediatric tic disorder, which is "pathogenic factors invade collaterals and cause collateral stagnation, and wind, phlegm and static blood interlock with each other", systematically analyzes the action mechanism of insect medicines in the treatment of this disease, and summarizes the syndrome-differentiated application rules, key points of compatibility and standards for safe medication of commonly used insect medicines based on clinical practice, so as to provide new theoretical basis and practical reference for clinical TCM diagnosis and treatment of pediatric tic disorder. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Treatment for pediatric bronchopneumonia based on the theory of "subduing what governs the disease" Yiru JIANG, Fang LIU 2026, 18 (5):  456-460.  doi: 10.20274/j.cnki.issn.1674-3865.2026.05.016 Abstract ( 1 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (579KB) ( 2 )   Save Based on the therapeutic principle of "subduing what governs the disease and addressing the cause first" proposed in Suwen·Zhizhenyao Dalun, and considering the physiological and pathological characteristics of children, which are "the lung is often insufficient, the spleen is often deficient, and the liver is often in excess", the study explores the pathogenesis evolution rules and strategy of stage-based treatment for pediatric bronchopneumonia. The study indicates that pediatric bronchopneumonia belongs to the category of "pneumonia with dyspneic cough" in traditional Chinese medicine, and that its occurrence and progression are closely related to external pathogens invading the lung, endogenous phlegm accumulation, and the transformation of stagnation into heat. Phlegm-heat obstructing the lung and failure of the dispersing and descending of lung constitute the core pathogenesis in the acute stage, while deficiency of both the lung and spleen and relative hyperactivity of the liver form an important internal basis for prolonged disease and recurrence. In clinical practice, the dynamic relationship between "addressing the cause first" and "subduing what governs the disease" should be carefully grasped. In the initial stage, treatment should focus on dispelling wind to release the exterior and diffusing the lung to stop cough. In the peak stage, priority should be given to clearing heat and eliminating phlegm and diffusing the lung and relieving obstruction. During the prolonged stage, residual pathogenic factors should be cleared while Qi and Yin are simultaneously replenished. In the recovery stage, treatment should emphasize strengthening the spleen and lung, nourishing Qi and Yin, and regulating the constitution, with balance between eliminating pathogenic factors and supporting healthy Qi according to changes in the disease condition. On the basis of internal treatment, external therapies such as Fuxiong powder application may further promote phlegm resolution, lung diffusion, collateral unblocking, and relief of obstruction. Evidence from a representative clinical case suggests that therapeutic principle can effectively guide the dynamic transition of pediatric bronchopneumonia from pathogenic excess to deficiency of healthy Qi, thereby providing a relatively systematic clinical approach for stage-based syndrome-differentiated treatment and combined internal and external treatment in traditional Chinese medicine. References | Related Articles | Metrics