On entering winter, the positive rate of influenza virus testing in children in Northeast China has continued to rise, and influenza has entered a high-incidence period. To give full play to the preventive and therapeutic effects of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine, and to strengthen influenza prevention and control in Northeast China, the Northeast China Branch of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Pediatrics of Liaoning Society of Life Sciences organized relevant experts. Based on the Diagnosis and Treatment Plan for Influenza (2025 Edition) and the Guidelines for the Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Influenza in Children (2024 Doctor Version), Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Influenza in Children with Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine and Expert Consensus on the Prevention and Treatment of Influenza in Children with Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, and considering the geographical and climatic characteristics of Northeast China, as well as the clinical features, syndrome patterns and diagnosis-treatment experience of influenza, this integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine prevention and treatment plan for childhood influenza in Northeast China was formulated. It is expected to demonstrate the characteristics and advantages of integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine in handling public health emergencies.

Premature infants often face the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders because they do not complete the key neurodevelopmental stage of full-term pregnancy. Neurobehavioral assessment refers to the early identification of developmental risks through neonatal motor examination (such as spontaneous movement, postural control and reflex behavior) and scale tools (such as NBNA, TIMP, GMS, etc.), which can provide effective intervention basis for clinical practice. Multimodal early intervention strategies, including desensitization therapy, postural management, audiovisual and exercise training, can effectively improve the developmental prognosis of premature infants in the critical period of neuroplasticity. With the progress in science and technology, artificial intelligence (AI) has been widely used in the field of neurobehavioral assessment and early intervention. AI can not only assist neurobehavioral assessment and early intervention therapy, but also help to establish the system of neurodevelopmental follow-up. Although the existing clinical practice has shown significant results, it is still necessary to strengthen multidisciplinary collaboration to develop a more reasonable and effective intervention model. It is expected to achieve a more perfect early intervention system in the future to further improve the neurodevelopmental prognosis of premature infants.

Objective To investigate high-risk factors for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia(NHB) and establish and evaluate a NHB risk prediction model using multiple machine learning methods, providing evidence for NHB prevention and treatment research. Methods The neonates from the pediatric outpatient and inpatient departments of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital were enrolled. Data on neonatal hyperbilirubinemia were collected via questionnaire surveys. Statistical analysis was performed using the Scikitlearn machine learning software in Python3, with the Logistic regression algorithm employed to screen for hyperbilirubinemia-related indicators. Simulated data with varying sample sizes were generated from longitudinal physical examination cohort samples. Six machine learning algorithms were applied to establish neonatal hyperbilirubinemia risk prediction models. The ability and accuracy of these models to distinguish neonatal hyperbilirubinemia were validated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(ROC). Results Among the six machine learning algorithms, the Random Forest model demonstrated the best overall performance. Key features ranking highly in this risk prediction model included pregnancy diseases, neonatal hemolytic disease, abnormal postnatal symptoms(infection), and preterm birth status. Conclusion The machine learning-based risk prediction model for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia holds clinical diagnostic value for its prevention and management. The resulting neonatal jaundice management system enables enhanced monitoring and management of high-risk infants, thereby reducing or preventing complications.

Neonatal jaundice is the most common symptom in the neonatal period. This article analyzes its epidemiological characteristics, influencing factors, and prevention and treatment, and systematically reviews the research progress in neonatal jaundice from 2020 to 2025. Epidemiological data show that there are significant regional differences in the incidence of neonatal jaundice. Globally, the incidence of neonatal jaundice is on the rise, with rates in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia(60%-80%) far exceeding those in high-income countries(20%-30%). In China, the incidence of neonatal jaundice is high and also on the rise, with higher rates in the north than in the south. The influencing factors include maternal pregnancy complications (such as diabetes and hypertension), hemolytic factors, neonatal genetic metabolic defects (such as G6PD deficiency and UGT1A1 mutation), infection, birth trauma, and environmental factors (such as delayed breastfeeding). Portable transcutaneous bilirubinometers and mobile monitoring have improved screening efficiency, and various therapies have developed successively. In the future, it is necessary to focus on precision medicine, closely integrate with science and technology, and pay attention to the diagnosis and treatment levels in different regions, in order to improve the health outcomes of newborns worldwide.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of guideline-recommended non-pharmacological TCM therapies for pediatric anorexia via a network Meta-analysis. Methods RCTs from CNKI, Wanfang, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library up to March 2025 were searched. Quality assessment used ROB 2.0,and data were analyzed with Stata 18.0. Results Thirty-eight RCTs (3 546 patients) covering pricking at Sifeng points, acupoint application, pediatric Tuina, and their combinations were included. Pricking at Sifeng points+pediatric Tuina was most likely the best intervention for overall clinical effectiveness(SUCRA=78.9%) and serum zinc improvement(SUCRA=95.1%).Pediatric Tuina+oral medication ranked highest for improving serum iron(SUCRA=85.7%) and serum calcium(SUCRA=83.4%). Conclusion Pricking at Sifeng points plus pediatric Tuina is recommended for overall efficacy and serum zinc, while pediatric Tuina with oral medication performs better for serum iron and calcium. Therapy selection should be individualized based on serological indicators. Further high-quality RCTs are warranted.

This paper applies the theory of Xuanfu and Qi-fluid to diagnose and treat upper airway cough syndrome(UACS), reinterpreting its pathogenesis from the microscopic level of Qi-fluid metabolism. It is believed that blockage of Xuanfu channels and impaired dispersion of Qi-fluids constitute the fundamental pathogenesis of UACS. Therapeutic management employs a phased, dynamic approach based on "unblocking Xuanfu and regulating fluids": The acute phase focuses on opening the Xuanfu to expel pathogens and promoting pungent dispersion to unblock orifices. The transition phase emphasizes resolving phlegm and draining dampness, removing stasis and unblocking collaterals. The remission phase concentrates on strengthening the spleen and nourishing the lungs, consolidating the Xuanfu and replenishing fluids. The goal is to promote the free flow of Qi and fluids, restoring the normal physiological functions of the Xuanfu. This approach expands the application scope of Xuanfu theory and pathogenesis of UACS, and provides new insights and methods for its diagnosis and treatment.

Tic disorder is a chronic neuropsychiatric disorder predominantly affecting children and adolescents. In traditional Chinese medicine, its pathogenesis is primarily located in the liver, spleen, and brain, with the core mechanism being "disharmony of brain marrow and spiritual mechanism, and dysfunction of liver-spleen conveyance and drainage." Based on the "gut-liver-brain axis" theory, "dysfunction of liver-spleen conveyance and drainage" corresponds to intestinal microbiota dysbiosis, intestinal barrier damage, and hepatic metabolic dysfunction in modern medical concepts, which subsequently influence neuroimmune responses in the brain, leading to "disharmony of brain marrow and spiritual mechanism" Modulating brain function through intervening the intestinal microbiota, reducing hepatic burden, and downregulating inflammatory factors offers new therapeutic targets for the treatment of tic disorder. Traditional Chinese medicine approaches, including herbal formulas and acupuncture, can ameliorate tic symptoms by regulating the intestinal microecology and mitigating neuroinflammation. The "gut-liver-brain axis" theory provides a novel perspective and direction for the clinical management of tic disorder.

Cough variant asthma(CVA) in children is a common chronic cough disorder in pediatric period, which is classified under the traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) categories of "cough" and "wind-cough". Characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness, this condition features prolonged duration and recurrent episodes, significantly impacting patients' quality of life. While in modern medical treatments, inhaled corticosteroids are used to control symptoms, they face limitations such as poor patient compliance and frequent relapses. Based on the TCM theory of "liver ascending and lung descending", this study systematically explores the pathogenesis and therapeutic approaches of CVA. The liver governs ascending functions while the lung regulates descending functions, and they jointly control the ascending and descending of qi flow. In children, there exists "liver excess and lung deficiency", which brings about liver qi stagnation transforming into fire and invading the lungs, or impaired lung function leading to abnormal qi descending, and all these ultimately result in cough. Pathological evolution involves multiple states, including liver dysfunction, hyperactive liver fire, upward disturbance of liver yang, and liver yin deficiency. Treatment focuses on restoring the dynamic balance of "liver ascending and lung descending", employing methods such as regulating liver and smoothing qi, reducing liver fire, calming liver and suppressing wind, and softening liver and nourishing yin. These approaches are used to harmonize qi flow and coordinate organ functions, providing theoretical foundations and clinical guidance for TCM differential treatment of pediatric CVA.

Summarize Professor Jia Liujin's clinical experience in treating atopic dermatitis in children based on the theory of "spleen bitterness and dampness" in the Inner Classic. He establishes a pathogenesis framework of "dampness-heat as the core and spleen deficiency as the root", believing that the spleen of children is often insufficient and the internal generation of water and dampness is the root cause of the disease. The pathogenesis of this disease is manifested by the long-term accumulation of dampness transforming into heat or the internal generation of heat and the stagnation of dampness and heat. The combination of internal and external pathogenic factors is a factor that makes atopic dermatitis difficult to cure and prone to recurrence. The formation of blood stasis is the result of the long-term evolution of illness. In terms of treatment, Professor Jia advocates "strengthening the spleen to promote transportation, protecting the root cause", "clearing heat and drying dampness throughout the process", and "regulating and nourishing, emphasizing prevention". With "drying spleen with bitterness" as the guiding principle, Liumiao decoction (Atractylodes, Phellodendron amurense, Achyranthes bidentata, Coix seed, honeysuckle, Sophora sophora) is created as the basic formula to clear heat, dry dampness and strengthen the spleen, treating both symptoms and root causes, and flexibly adjusting the formula according to the stages. During the acute stage, add wind-dispelling and anti-itching products; during the chronic stage, supplement with blood-nourishing and blood-activating herbs; always take care of the spleen and stomach. The diagnostic and therapeutic approach of Professor Jia embodies the traditional Chinese medicine characteristics of "strengthening the spleen and drying dampness throughout the process, treating in stages while taking into account both the symptoms and the root causes", providing a new path for the treatment of atopic dermatitis.

This paper briefly explores Professor Xiao Heyin's experience in treating mesenteric lymphadenitis from the perspective of throat, covering the aspects such as zang-fu organs and meridians, anatomy and immunity, neural regulation, etiology and pathogenesis, as well as therapeutic principles, methods, formulas, and drugs. The throat and mesenteric lymph nodes are closely related in terms of zang-fu organs and meridians, and also have a close relationship in terms of anatomy and immunity as well as neural regulation. The pathogenesis of this disease is characterized mainly by deficiency in root and excess in pathogenic factors, and the treatment focuses on eliminating pathogenic factors and tonifying deficiency.

Objective Using data mining techniques to analyze the clinical experience and medication characteristics of the Huxiang School of Pediatric Medicine in treating pediatric tic disorders, this study aims to provide insights and references for the clinical management of pediatric tic disorders. Methods By collecting prescriptions for treating pediatric tic disorders from Essence of Famous Doctors' Classics in Huxiang, we input the data into Excel 2021 to establish a database. Using the IBM SPSS Statistics 27.0 platform, we analyzed the standardized TCM prescription data, including drug usage frequency, properties and flavors, meridian tropism, efficacy, association rules, and hierarchical clustering. The results were visualized using Origin 2024 and ModelerClient. Results A total of 127 TCM prescriptions were included, involving 117 Chinese medicinal herbs, with a total drug usage frequency of 995 times. Regarding properties and flavors, the dominant properties were warm and cold, while the predominant flavors were pungent and sweet. In terms of meridian tropism, the lung and spleen meridians were the most frequently involved, followed by the liver and heart meridians. Analysis of drug association rules revealed commonly used drug combinations, including "Bombyx Batryticatus(Jiangcan)–Scorpio (Quanxie), Typhonium Rhizome(Baifuzi)" and "Gastrodia Rhizome(Tianma)–Typhonium Rhizome(Baifuzi), Scorpio(Quanxie)".Hierarchical clustering analysis was performed on high-frequency herbs with usage frequency>5, resulting in 6 clusters, which were as follows:C1: Glycyrrhiza Radix et Rhizoma(Gancao), Paeoniae Radix Alba(Baishao), Cinnamomi Ramulus(Guizhi), Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium(Chenpi), Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens(Shengjiang);C2: Saposhnikoviae Radix(Fangfeng), Chuanxiong Rhizoma(Chuanxiong), Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix(Qianghuo), Aurantii Fructus(Zhike), Angelicae Pubescentis Radix(Duhuo), Peucedani Radix(Qianhu), Platycodonis Radix(Jiegeng), Bupleuri Radix(Chaihu), Rhei Radix et Rhizoma(Dahuang), Ephedrae Herba(Mahuang), Scutellariae Radix(Huangqin), Menthae Herba(Bohe), Schizonepetae Herba(Jingjie), Talcum(Huashi);C3: Angelicae Sinensis Radix(Danggui), Poria cum Radix Pini(Fushen), Uncariae Ramulus Cum Uncis(Gouteng), Ophiopogonis Radix(Maidong), Akebiae Caulis(Mutang);C4: Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma(Renshen), Poria(Fuling), Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma(Baizhu), Aucklandiae Radix(Muxiang), Glycyrrhizae Preparata Radix(Zhigancao), Cinnamomi Cortex(Rougui), Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata(Fuzi)C5: Scorpio(Quanxie), Bombyx Batryticatus(Jiangcan), Gastrodia Rhizome(Tianma), Typhonium Rhizome(Baifuzi), Arisaema Cum Bile(Dannanxing), Amber(Hupo), Cinnabaris(Zhusha), Moschus(Shexiang), Bovis Calculus(Niuhuang), Bambusae Concretio Silicea(Tianzhuhuang), Scolopendra(Wugong), Pinelliae Rhizoma(Banxia);C6: Natrii Sulfas(Mangxiao). Conclusion The Huxiang School of Pediatric Medicine treats pediatric tic disorders mostly from the perspectives of soothing the liver, regulating the spleen and resolving phlegm, forming a distinctive approach characterized by "tonifying the acquired foundation and focusing on benefiting qi and invigorating the spleen, with soothing the liver to calm endogenous wind and resolving phlegm to stop convulsions as auxiliary therapies". It features a clear differentiation between the principal and auxiliary treatments, synergistic effects of medicinal categories and rigorous compatibility of herbs, and adheres to the core philosophy of "taking invigorating the spleen as the root and calming wind to resolve phlegm as the apparent treatment".

Objective To investigate and analyze the status of pediatric Chinese patent medicines and simple preparations included in the 2025 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia (Volume I), in order to provide reference for the rational use of pediatric Chinese patent medicines and simple preparations in clinical practice. Methods Based on the contents contained in the 2025 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia (Volume I), the current status of pediatric Chinese patent medicines and simple preparations was systematically analyzed in terms of varieties, dosage forms, efficacy and indications, usage and dosage, and safety information, and the prescription rules of high-frequency drugs were explored. Results The 2025 edition contains 1 616 kinds of traditional Chinese patent medicines and simple preparations, including 100 kinds of traditional Chinese patent medicines and simple preparations for children whose names include "child" and "pediatric", accounting for 6.19%, while in the 2020 edition, there are 53 kinds of Chinese patent medicines and simple preparations for children, so the 2025 edition contains 47 more than the 2020 edition. There are 642 kinds of traditional Chinese patent medicines and simple preparations that can be used for children, and 61 kinds of traditional Chinese patent medicines and simple preparations that should be used with caution or must be prohibited. The main efficacy of traditional Chinese patent medicines and simple preparations for children is cough-relieving and asthma-relieving (21%), and the main dosage form is granules (24%). A majority of the medicines (65%) has usage based on specific age classification, but not many with adverse reactions clarified, accounting for only 26% of specific drugs for children. SPSS Statistics 21.0 and SPSS Modeler 18.0 software were used to conduct systematic cluster analysis and association rule analysis on high-frequency drugs (frequency>10). Four cluster prescriptions were obtained, C1: malt, Shenqu, hawthorn, betel nut, Poria cocos, tangerine peel, Atractylodes macrocephala, Ophiopogon japonicus; C2: Pueraria lobata, buffalo horn, Forsythia suspensa, Isatis root, honeysuckle, Scutellaria baicalensis, Bupleurum chinense, Rheum palmatum, Gardenia jasminoides; C3: bezoar, borneol, musk, Coptis chinensis, cinnabar, peppermint; C4: bitter almond, gypsum, Platycodon grandiflorum, Scrophularia suspensa, Anemarrhena chinensis, Bulbus fritillaria, licorice. Conclusion The development of traditional Chinese patent medicines and simple preparations for children in China has some problems, such as lack of specific varieties, unclear usage and dosage, and non-standard functions and indications. We should encourage R&D and innovation, improve drug standards, strengthen clinical research, strengthen rational drug use guidance and establish a monitoring system and adopt other measures, which can effectively improve the current situation of the use of traditional Chinese patent medicines and simple preparations for pediatric use, improve its safety and effectiveness, and better safeguard children's health.

Erchen decoction is the fundamental prescription for treating phlegm-damp syndrome and has been praised as "the general prescription for resolving phlegm" by physicians in the past dynasties. Children are constitutionally frail and prone to dampness retention and phlegm production due to dysfunction of the spleen in transportation; internal obstruction by phlegm-dampness can lead to multiple system disorders involving the respiratory, digestive and emotional systems. Considering the physiological characteristics of children such as "inherent splenic insufficiency" and "inherent pulmonary insufficiency", and based on the pathogenic theory that "the spleen is the source of phlegm production and the lung is the container for phlegm storage", Professor Dong Youqi adheres to the therapeutic principle of "regulating qi first for phlegm treatment and invigorating the spleen to cut off the source of phlegm". He flexibly applies Erchen decoction and its derivative prescriptions including Wendan decoction and Liujunzi decoction, with modifications tailored to syndromes, addressing both the symptoms and the root causes of the disease. These prescriptions have been widely used in the treatment of phlegm-dampness-related pediatric disorders such as cough, food stagnation, anorexia, vertigo, insomnia and emotional disorders, achieving remarkable therapeutic effects. This paper cites three typical medical cases as evidence, reflecting Professor Dong's academic thought of "diagnosing diseases and formulating treatments based on theoretical inference", and providing valuable clinical experience for the application of Erchen decoction and its derivative prescriptions in the treatment of infantile phlegm-damp syndrome.

Objective To identify risk factors for severe pediatric Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia using a random forest model and to provide evidence for clinical recognition and intervention. Methods Clinical data of 198 children hospitalized for Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in our hospital between January and December 2024 were collected; 133 were classified as non-severe and 65 as severe. Clinical characteristics were compared between the two groups. Univariate Logistic regression analysis and a random forest model were employed to evaluate the impact of each variable on severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. The construction of random forest model included feature importance analysis and ROC curve assessment. Results No statistically significant differences were observed in age or gender distribution between the groups(P>0.05). The severe group showed significantly higher levels of fever duration, WBC, CRP, ESR, PCT, IL-6, LDH, and CK-MB than the non-severe group(P<0.05). The incidence of high fever and wheezing was also significantly higher in the severe group(P<0.05). Univariate logistic regression indicated that high fever, fever duration, wheezing, WBC, CRP, ESR, PCT, IL-6, LDH, and CK-MB were significantly associated with the risk of severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. The random forest model analysis revealed the lowest error rate when the number of decision trees was 45. The descending order of risk factor importance was fever duration, WBC, age, presence of high fever, CK-MB, ESR, CRP, RBC, IL-6, LDH, PCT, presence of wheezing, PLT, and gender. ROC curve analysis demonstrated an AUC of 0.882 of the random forest model, with a sensitivity of 75.68% and a specificity of 93.33%. Conclusion Through univariate Logistic regression and the random forest model, this study identifies fever duration, high fever, wheezing, and WBC as key risk factors for severe pediatric Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. These findings offer valuable reference for early clinical identification and intervention of severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia, helping to improve the outcomes of affected children.

Objective To explore the expression level and correlations of vitamin D in children with acute inflammation complicated by anemia, so as to provide a basis for the clinical prevention and treatment of this condition in children. Methods The children aged 1-14 years who were treated at the Department of Pediatrics of the First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University between October 2023 and March 2025 were prospectively recruited as the research subjects. Among them, there were 100 cases in the group of acute inflammation complicated by anemia, 100 cases in the group of acute inflammation without anemia, and 100 cases in the healthy control group. The clinical data and laboratory parameters of the three groups of children were measured and compared. Multivariate linear regression analysis was employed to explore the influencing factors for the occurrence of acute inflammation complicated by anemia in children and to investigate the association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and acute inflammation complicated by anemia in children. Results The levels of 25(OH)D and Hb in the group of acute inflammation with anemia and the group of acute inflammation without anemia were lower than those in the healthy control group, and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). Comparing the group of acute inflammation with anemia with the group of acute inflammation without anemia, the differences in the levels of CRP, PCT, and 25(OH)D were statistically significant. When the above indicators were introduced into the multivariate Logistic regression analysis model, the analysis results showed that low 25(OH)D level, and high CRP and PCT levels were risk factors for the occurrence of acute inflammation with anemia in children, and the thresholds of the three were 48.25 μg/L, 27.76 ng/L, and 0.91 mg/L, respectively; their AUCs were 0.850, 0.705, and 0.754, respectively, and the area under the curve of the combined application was 0.913, which indicated that the diagnostic efficiency of the combined application of the three was higher. Conclusions Low vitamin D levels and high inflammatory mediator levels are risk factors for the incidence of acute inflammation complicated by anemia. Vitamin D supplementation may contribute to reducing the incidence of acute inflammation complicated by anemia.

Objective To investigate the relationship of high-resolution computed tomography(HRCT) features and serum inflammatory levels with the pathogen load in induced sputum of children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia（MPP） during the acute phase. Methods One hundred children diagnosed with MPP who were treated at our hospital from March 2020 to March 2023 were enrolled in the study. All subjects underwent HRCT and quantitative measurement of Mycoplasma pneumoniae DNA copy number in induced sputum. Based on a threshold of 10⁶ copies/mL, patients were assigned to a low-load group(≤10⁶ copies/mL; n=42) or a high-load group(>10⁶ copies/mL; n=58). HRCT features, serum levels of inflammatory factors and related Th1/Th2 transcription factors were compared between groups, and the relationship between each indicator and the pathogen load was explored. Results Compared with the low-load group, the high-load group showed significantly higher incidence of air bronchogram, pulmonary consolidation, and lobar consolidation on HRCT(all P<0.05). The levels of serum sTREM?1 and sICAM?1 were higher in the high-load group than in the low-load group, while hBD?1 was lower(P<0.05); hBD?2 level did not differ between the two groups(P>0.05). The expressions of T-bet mRNA and GATA3 mRNA were higher in the high-load group than in the low-load group, while the expressions of SOCS1 mRNA and SOCS3 mRNA were lower, the differences being statistically significant(P<0.05). Point-biserial correlation analysis showed that air bronchogram（r=0.697）, pulmonary consolidation（r=0.544）, and lobar consolidation（r=0.631） were positively correlated with pathogen load(P<0.05). Pearson correlation analysis revealed that sTREM-1, sICAM-1, T-bet mRNA, and GATA3 mRNA were positively correlated with pathogen load（r=0.651，0.654，0.647，0.654，P<0.001）, whereas hBD-1, SOCS1 mRNA, and SOCS3 mRNA were negatively correlated（r=-0.452，-0.655，-0.656，P<0.001）. Logistic regression analysis indicated that air bronchogram, lobar consolidation, and elevated sTREM-1 were independent risk factors for high pathogen load. Conclusion During acute phase of MPP, specific HRCT phenotypes are significantly associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pathogen load, and are closely related to the expressions of sTREM?1, sICAM?1 and Th1/Th2 transcription factors, which may provide auxiliary evidence for disease severity assessment and individualized management.

Objective To investigate the current situation of spleen and stomach disorders among primary school students in Qixingguan District, Bijie City, analyze common pathogenic factors. Methods A questionnaire was designed and randomly distributed to parents of primary school students in Qixingguan District, Bijie City. Data on basic demographics, symptoms of spleen and stomach disorders, scale scores, and influencing factors were collected and statistically analyzed. Results A total of 1 950 questionnaires were recovered, with 1 894 valid responses retained. No significant differences were found in the incidence of spleen and stomach disorders among primary school students in terms of being Han ethnicity or not, age, being natural birth or not, being full-term birth or not, being single-parent family or not, being reconstituted family or not, or being left-behind children or not(P>0.05). Significant risk factors for spleen and stomach disorders included: frequent eating at roadside stalls, long-term indoor smoking of parents, eating within one hour before bedtime, persistent negative or depressed mood, daily screen time exceeding two hours, consumption of raw or cold food at least once a week, consumption of spicy food at least once a week, habitual rapid eating, and a family history of spleen and stomach diseases(P<0.05). Conclusion Spleen and stomach disorders are common among primary school students in Qixingguan District, Bijie City. It is necessary to promote healthy habits and awareness among the students, strengthen collaboration among parents, schools, and hospitals to safeguard the healthy development of primary school students.